The Roman Legion 24Ad Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Roman Legion, 24Ad Essay, Research Paper The Roman Legion 14 AD-235 AD The Roman Republic was established in 509 B.C. and lasted until 27 B.C. when the Roman Empire replaced it. During the Roman Republic the Roman ground forces was deliberately composed of landholders. The Roman doctrine behind this strategic manoeuvre revolved around the belief that landholders would support their belongings and state more scrupulously than those who had no vested involvement. The policy of utilizing landholders in the ground forces continued until Rome began to spread out its boundary lines. Soldiers were deployed overseas to protect the lands that had fallen to Roman conquering every bit good as to occupy new lands. As a consequence of its expansionist policies Rome needed more soldiers that it could supply by utilizing landholders. Further justification for a alteration in policy was that Romans sent oversees were non needfully as vigilant in respect to protecting land in their ownership since that land was far from where they were stationed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roman Legion 24Ad Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This made the usage of landholders no more good than that of non-landowners. The land proprietor demand was accordingly dropped in 107 B.C. Rome began to use alternate schemes in staffing their great ground forcess. When Rome conquered a state they made the conquered peoples citizens of Rome and as such the people of the states could volunteer and function in the ground forces. Since land ownership was no longer a requirement, the lower categories were allowed to come in the ground forces besides and these voluntaries developed into a loyal, professional ground forces. The ground forces grew in Numberss until about 20 B.C. when it was approximately 300,000 strong. The size of the ground forces remained at about the same Numberss until the autumn of the imperium. The Roman ground forces was divided into elements called hosts. A host consisted of from 4,000 to 6,000 work forces harmonizing to different clip periods. During the Roman Empire the emperor appointed a general to command each host. The general, in bend, was allowed six commissioned officers as Plutos. These Plutos were known as tribunes. Somewhere ver 60 non-commissioned officers called centurions, the equivalent of the sergeant in the contemporary U.S. military, served under the tribunes. The centurions were effectual leaders of the ground forces. Each centurion was in charge of about 100 work forces in a subdivision called a century. When traveling into conflict the host would organize into 120 work forces groups called a maniple. The host conflict formation would be three rows of maniples. In the forepart row the maniples would go forth a infinite equivalent to another maniple between each maniple. The forepart row would run into the enemy force and throw their lances so attack with blades. This would let the 2nd row to bear down into the empty infinite left between the assailing front row maniples and give support with a 2nd moving ridge after initial contact by the forepart row. The 3rd row would so come in the battle and with thrusting lances secure the conflict. These tactics along with the well-trained professional soldiers made the Roman army one of the greatest combat forces in history. If efficiency can be gauged by the acquisition of land, the efficiency of the Roman Empire would worsen slightly between the first and 3rd centuries A.D. During this period there were 25 Roman emperors. Although the Roman Empire was at its tallness of power and prosperity between A.D. 96 and 180 during the reign of Antonines, the Empire expanded its territory really small after the deat H of Augustus in A.D. 14. The period get downing with the reign of Augustus in 27 B.C. and widening 200 old ages into Rome s hereafter became known as the Pax Romana ( The Roman Peace ) . This was a period of great stableness for the Roman Empire. Warfare did go on but it was slightly less intense and frequent. In this regard it would be more appropriate to measure the efficiency of the Roman hosts as one of stabilisation non of decline. During the peace, nevertheless, some major engagements did occur. On Augustus decease Tiberius, who was non merely Augustus stepson but besides his son-in-law, became the emperor of Rome ( Asimov 196 ) . His way to the throne leaves many inquiries which are certain to entertain historiographers good into the hereafter but he would sagely follow the footfalls of Augustus in non occupying Britain, judging that the Empire was already excessively extended ( Goldsmith PG ) . Tiberius was succeeded by Caligula and so by Claudius. Caligula would content himself with idle menaces against Britain but take no existent action ( Goldsmith PG ) . Emperor Claudius would, nevertheless, invade Britain in A.D. 43 and Trajan conquered Dacia in A.D. 106 ( Connor PG ) . Even in the ill-famed British invasion the strength of warfare which erupted was nil to fit that of the Empire s earlier history ( Connor PG ) . Some say that Britain welcomed the invasion with unfastened weaponries recognizing the possi ble benefit of Roman regulation ( Connor PG ) . The Roman foreparts were expeditiously manned but all-in-all the likeliness of a legionary engaging in serious warfare decreased during the clip period of the Roman Peace. Get downing with the reign of Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 161 the stableness of the Roman Peace would get down to worsen. Emperor Marcus Aurelous was threatened by encroachers from Germany in the North and the Parthians from the E. Aurelius would be succeeded to the throne by his boy, Commodus. With the decease of Commodus in 192 the Roman Empire would see serious break. During a 50 twelvemonth period, crossing between 235 to 284 A.D. , 60 different emperors would do their manner to the throne prehending power by force. This would be the terminal of the Roman Peace and the terminal of Roman stableness. Decisions The history of the Roman Empire contains periods of much convulsion interspersed with periods of great stableness. While it was true that Augustus himself preferred peaceable methods to warlike methods, his reign had seen much bloodshed ( Grant 160 ) . Consequently, the Roman imperium saw much enlargement and patterned advances during his the reign of Augustus. The Eastern Frontier was pushed frontward, Galatia was formed, Numidia was annexed and Roman troops reached the Elbe River and these were merely a little parts of the triumph of Augustus and of Rome ( Grant 160 ) . During the reign of Augustus the opportunities of a host non meeting serious warfare was little. In contrast, the period get downing in A.D. 14 was a period of great stableness and comparatively small serious warfare. The period get downing with the reign of Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 161 would one time once more go a period of turbulency for the Roman Empire. One emperor after another would contend his manner to the t hrone and the armed forces would be shaken from the changeless alteration in power and policy. Although there was still small external warfare of any significance, there were menaces by ground forcess occupying the Empire. The Roman Empire was get downing a slow spiral of diminution, a diminution which would stop with its death over 200 old ages subsequently in 476 A.D.

u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay

u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay In the world today, it is estimated that there are 1.5 to 1.8 million discovered and formally named species. Although no one is willing to place their career on the total species number, there has been a formula use to calculate what this number is and there speculations range from 3.6 million to upwards of 100 million species. (Wilson, E.O., 2002) From early on, when the first scientists started classifying species, there were only two main classifications. The two kingdoms of living organisms that continued from the beginning of Binomial Nomenclature were Animalia (animal) or Plantae (vegetable). This practice was used until the 19th century when it was determined that this was insufficient. Currently there are five kingdoms used in the classification of organisms along with two main divisions. The two main divisions are Prokaryotae (bacteria, etc.) and Eukaryotae (animals to include humans, plants, fungi, and protists). There has been even more recent development that the prokary otes are much more diverse that previously thought, they now divided into two domains, the Bacteria and the Archaea. (Ben Waggoner, 2005) What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity is a conglomeration of organisms, species, and populations. This is the genetic variation to include complex assemblages of societies and ecosystems. It also includes the environmental interactions of genes, species, and ecosystems. There are three different types of biodiversity; genetic, species, as well as ecosystems. Additionally, there are various threats to biodiversity which include; habitat loss and destruction, alterations that occur in the ecosystem composition, over hunting and over fishing, pollution and or contamination, and the global change in climate. In the book written by Lester R. Brown, Plan B 3.0; Scientists are concerned that the world is at the precipice, referred to as â€Å"tipping points†. Brown states we are in a race and which will tip first, the earth’s natural system or the world’s political systems. These social tipping points all have global consequences, including population shrinkages of endangered species, the human population rapidly increasing in underdeveloped countries that cannot be supported, global warming and the melting of the earth’s glaciers. There have been a growing number of unresolved problems stressing weaker governments into what is now known as failing states. An early sign of a failing civilization is the failing of states. Signs of governments that lose the ability and control of the security of its population will become one of these failing states. Some of the failing states currently are; Iraq, Sudan, Somalia, Chad, Afghanistan, and Haiti to

Management consultancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management consultancy - Essay Example They also have team works in every representative they send to their clients. They also use the different consulting modes in how they consult with their clients. Table of Contents Introduction Management consulting in its essence is the action or practice of helping organizations and business to improve on their performance. They are therefore called upon to help management to achieve the organization goals. Organizations call them for a variety of reasons which are mainly centered on gaining an external objective input on how to run the organization. Another reason is management consultants are experts in this area therefore gaining expertise information from the consultants (Schwartz, 2002). They are valuable since they have dealt with many organizations and hence have expert knowledge on how to achieve success in the organization. Other essential skills that management consultants offer the organizations include change management assistance, development and coaching skills, techn ology setting up in the firm, strategy development and also efficiency in operational services. Management consultants manage these tasks by bringing their own methods and frameworks that have succeeded in other organizations to make the organization more efficient and effective at performing their tasks (Drucker, 2006). Management consultancy has grown over the years. ... Management consulting therefore depends on the specialization of the consultancy firm and the consulting needs of the organization. They include information technology consulting, virtual management, human resource consulting and financial consulting. Sometimes some of this specialization offered by consultancy firms overlap and they offer an even more diversified consultancy (Werr, 2004). The field of management consultancy has grown to include consultancy in non-public organizations including the public sector. In the UK, there has been extensive use of management consultants. The government has spent a large sum between 1996 and 2006; it used 20 billion pounds in management consultants. This has raised question among the House of Commons if this type investment was even worth it. But the use of management consulting has yielded fruit especially in the National Health Service, in the Local Government Association Improvement and Development Agency and also in the National Supports T eams. Although Management consulting can be somewhat expensive it is essential. It often leads to better performance of the organization in general. It is therefore one thing that all companies and firms should consider especially in areas which they lack a lot of skills or if the firm is on the red and requires a turnaround plan to make it more profitable (Norton, 2006). Client Centered consulting process model by Cockman This consultancy cycle or model has been used by many consultants to show the interaction of the consultants and the client from the beginning of the consultancy model. At times it does not reflect what actually happens in reality. But like all models following them makes the process better. The Professional Consultants were